Wisdom comes from exercising reason; Courage from exercising emotions or spirit; Moderation (sometimes “temperance”) from allowing reason to overrule desires; and from these Justice ensues, a state in which all elements of the mind are in concord with one another.

Plato, Aristotle: Virtue_ethics
Virtue theory is a branch of moral philosophy that emphasizes character, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking.

Kant: Principle-based:
An approach to ethics that focuses on theories of the importance of general principles such as respect for autonomy, beneficence/nonmaleficence, and justice.

Mill: Consequence-based:
A consequence-based approach to ethics gives priority to the value we attach to the results of actions.

Utilitarianism:
The theory that the right action is one that maximizes utility.

Hobbes: Social contract
Thomas Hobbes viewed the state of nature as a “war of all against all,” and, for Hobbes, the fundamental purpose of the social contract is to establish order and provide security.

Dewey: Pragmatism
“Many people assume that means we must look for moral criteria: some list of rules or principles whereby we can distinguish good from bad and right from wrong, or a list of virtues we try to inculcate. Utilitarians tell us we should promote the greatest happiness of the greatest number.”